Apollo: Lightweight Multilingual Medical LLMs towards Democratizing Medical AI to 6B People
Paper • 2403.03640 • Published • 2
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This can also be seen using high resolution ultrasound or confocal microscopy.If possible through the cloudy cornea, gonioscopy would confirm the presence of a closed angle and a narrow angle in the fellow eye (see Chapter 10).Tonometry would reveal a raised intraocular pressure often has high as 60–70 mmHg (see Chapte... |
Lao Tzu said that "what is deeply rooted in nature cannot be uprooted."Because the basic plan of the body, as a physical entity and as an energy system, evolves and exists in an ecological context, what the body needs it obtains from the environment in which it grew.They provide the body with energy in the form of calo... |
Most curious, however, was the simple filter to purify water perfected by Charles Chamberland, a collaborator of Louis Pasteur, which allowed for the development of modern virology.In his attempt to grow this mystery virus, Malik Peiris used the MDCK, LLC-Mk2, RDE, Hep-2, and MRC-5 cell lines—or, in simpler terms, dog ... |
It has been proposed however that given many cancer stem cell populations share a large number of molecular features with regular stem cells; direct targeting of these cells could lead to significant deleterious effects on the associated normal tissue homeostasis.## Clinical Significance of Cancer Stem Cells
Over the ... |
They rush to blend other treatments into the mix and counteract healing.Many failures seem to be the result of parents' impatience with the progress of homeopathic treatment.No more eczema and no asthma or any other systemic condition.In my view, the worst one is mood changes. What would be better: Having clear skin an... |
It may or may not come to a head.It feels terribly hot.The boil stings, prickles, and burns.The swelling is red, shiny, and puffy.The following are the most commonly indicated remedies for boils:
**Apis:** This is for a boil in the beginning stages.If your child develops a boil, you should regard it as the immune syst... |
Bradykinin increases capillary permeability and is a potent vasodilator considered to be 10 times more effective than histamine.Angiotensin is a potent hormone that results in vasoconstriction and the stimulation of aldosterone causing blood pressure elevation.Ruling out a potential life-threatening process is crucial.... |
The goal is to increase the [HCO3–] to 10 meq/L and the pH to 7.20, not to increase these values to normal.Provision of such modest quantities of alkali in this situation seems to provide an added measure of safety, but it is essential to monitor plasma electrolytes during the course of therapy, because the [K+] may de... |
Fatigue is common and is present in almost one-third of patients.Angina pectoris is thought to be due to limited coronary vascular reserve.Twenty to thirty-five percent of patients present with chest pain, mostly during exercise, and the electrocardiogram (ECG) may show pseudoinfarction Q waves.However, DCM is more lik... |
Within 10 minutes after giving a dose of toxin, the animals became unsettled and irritable; had congestion of the conjunctivae, ears and other parts of the body and finally developed paralysis of the extremities.Toxicity was so acute and severe that the majority of treated animals succumbed from an anaphylactic-type re... |
The second molar has a large restoration, and the tooth could be fragile leading to fracture.Closed extraction in this case is impossible.8.6 (a) Hypercementosis of the mesial root of the first lower left molar would prompt surgical extraction of this tooth.Fig.## Clinical Evaluation of the Tooth Before Extraction
Bef... |
See **homeo-**.— _homocystinuric, adj._
**Homocystinuria: lens dislocation** _(Newton, 1995)_
homoeo-.Long-term results of treatment are not available.Treatment may include a diet low in methionine and supplementation with large doses of vitamin B6.It is believed the amino acid may have a toxic effect on cells lining... |
Antiplatelet drugs make platelets less likely to clump and form clots, a common cause of ischemic stroke.If people have had an ischemic stroke, taking an antiplatelet drug can reduce the risk of another ischemic stroke.Having regular checkups enables a doctor to identify risk factors for stroke so that they can be mana... |
Diagnosis
* Lab testing.Other major symptoms include diarrhea, weakness, vomiting, jaundice, abdominal mass, migratory thrombophlebitis (recurring blood clots in the leg and pelvic veins), and GI bleeding.Weight loss with poor appetite, occasionally with an aversion to meats and a metallic taste in the mouth.Magneti... |
### **METABOLISM OF COMPLEX LIPIDS**
#### **TRIACYLGLYCEROL SYNTHESIS**
**Triacylglycerols** , commonly referred to as triglycerides, are the predominant storage form of lipids (Chapter 3, Figure 3-2B.Similarly, though, the fatty acid substrate is transported into the peroxisome by a carnitine acyltransferase and the... |
Kinds of vectors include dogs, which carry rabies; mosquitoes, which transmit malaria; and ticks, which carry Rocky Mountain spotted fever.3.A mechanical vector transmits the infecting organism from one host to another but is not essential to the life cycle of the parasite.A biological vector is usually an arthropod in... |
By contrast, years of committed meditation practice seem to work from the bottom-up, expanding consciousness by boosting gamma waves, opening up our senses and blurring the boundaries of bodily selfhood.The first is mediated by profuse, high-affinity serotonin 1A receptors and occurs when someone is exposed to mild lev... |
5.7B illustrates renal involvement (E-Fig.Fig.This phenomenon is known as metastatic or isolated organ tuberculosis and most commonly involves the kidneys, adrenals, meninges, bone, Fallopian tubes, endometrium and epididymis.These organisms remain viable but quiescent and active tuberculosis may then reappear in tis... |
Nonoperative management is only indicated in patients who cannot tolerate surgery.Laparoscopy can be used in patients with small MCNs (<4 cm) without mural nodules on imaging.Because of the risk of occult malignancy within the lesion and future malignant transformation, the treatment of choice for all MCNs is complete ... |
The gate control theory has helped nurses and other health care professionals recognize the _holistic_ nature of pain.When pain occurs, a person's thoughts and emotions can modify one's perceptions as they reach the level of conscious awareness.These areas of the brain regulate thoughts and emotions, including beliefs ... |
Photographs (j, k) demonstrate a white pale irregular inner surface of the cystic mass after removal of the germinating membranes (arrows).Intraoperative photographs demonstrate (e–f) clear fluid being aspirated from the cystic mass (arrows).Note the extraction of the fluid with a surgical aspirator (g), and removal of... |
In the resting cell DNA is wound tightly around core histones, excluding the binding of the enzyme RNA polymerase II, which activates gene transcription and the formation of messenger RNA.Each core histone has a long N-terminal tail that is rich in lysine residues, which may become acetylated, thus changing the electri... |
When the external tone is turned off, you will be asked if your tinnitus has become softer or gone away and to indicate when it returns to its usual state.In the residual inhibition test, you will listen to a tone that is a little louder than your tinnitus for one minute.• How loud is the sound on a 10-point scale (0 =... |
39.15
Photomicro graph showing tissue from gross total resection (H&E stain)
What is the diagnosis?39.14
Photom icrograph showing tissue from gross total resection (H&E stain)
Fig.39.13
Phot omicrograph showing tissue from gross total resection (H&E stain)
Fig.39.12
Pho tomicrograph showing tissue from gross tot... |
The left brachiocephalic vein runs diagonally down the upper mediastinum from the patient's left to right.Left sided internal jugular or subclavian vein lines need to run through the left brachiocephalic vein before entering the superior vena cava.See p22 for an example X-ray of correctly positioned right and left side... |
The leaves are harvested for medicinal use in summer, when the plant is in flower.Growing to a height of six feet (two meters), it bears upward-growing stems with pale, smooth, green leaves and small, yellow flowers.Anyone who uses any type of a sleeping aid, especially a barbiturate, should be careful of the additive ... |
• More women than men suffer from PTSD.• A traumatic event is an extreme event, such as a rape, stabbing, road traffic accident, robbery, natural disaster or medical emergency.**Key messages**
• PTSD is an anxiety disorder that develops in some people after a traumatic event.Other helpful resources are listed in the A... |
TFFC is a ligamento-cartilagenous complex separating the proximal row of the carpus and ulna.(c)
Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) injuries: The TFFC transmitting about one fifth of the axial load from the wrist to the forearm plays a pivotal role as a stabilizer of the distal radioulnar joint.(d)
Intersection... |
In addition, the AG may increase with an increase in anionic albumin, because of either increased albumin concentration or alkalosis, which alters albumin charge.An increase in the AG is most often due to an increase in unmeasured anions and, less commonly, is due to a decrease in unmeasured cations (calcium, magnesium... |
ONGOING CARE
FOLLOW-UP RECOMMENDATIONS
Patient Monitoring
• Frequent monitoring is required for relapse, disease progression, and for detecting signs of toxicity of medical management. • Reevaluate for azotemia, urine protein, hypertension, edema, loss of renal function, cholesterol, and weight. DIET
• Normal prote... |
**When?Over 140,000 cases and 4000 deaths were reported, mainly in adolescents and adults.A massive reemergence of diphtheria occurred in the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union during the 1990s.**
Mostly in India, Nepal, Bangladesh and other areas where vaccine coverage is low.**Where?**
Mainly child... |
Older people are also more likely to already have disorders that limit treatment of stroke.SPOTLIGHT ON AGING
After a stroke, older people are more likely to have problems, such as pressure sores, pneumonia, permanently shortened muscles (contractures) that limit movement, and depression.In such cases, the outlook i... |
He can speak but doesn't have conversations, and he doesn't play with toys typically the way his peers do.One boy is already falling well behind his peers.It's not uncommon for parents to get two different opinions about the severity of their child's autism or even if it's autism at all.He is the author of _Challenging... |
### **Activities of the Lipoxins**
The lipoxins are potent anti-inflammatory eicosanoids and counteract the actions of the pro-inflammatory eicosanoids (primarily LTB4 but also PGE2 and TXA2).** Reproduced with permission of themedicalbiochemistrypage, LLC.**FIGURE 24-2: Pathways for the synthesis of LXA 4 and LXB4.**... |
Keep in mind, though, that corticosteroids can weaken tendons.This helps ensure that the medication gets where it belongs.If a steroid injection seems to be the best option to calm a painful joint, request that it be done under ultrasound guidance.It is little wonder that when rofecoxib (Vioxx) and comparable drugs wer... |
* Although usually found in defined ranges, serologic evidence suggests E. canis and A. phagocytophilum occur in all 48 contiguous states.); (2) A. platys: tropism for platelets; shares serologic cross-reactivity with A. phagocytophilum.SEE ALSO
* Hypothyroidism
* Myopathy, Inflammatory–Masticatory Muscle Myositis... |
Almost everyone who has this disorder recovers completely.The diagnosis is based on the symptoms, on whether the person has been exposed to any of the known causes, and on an examination of the cornea with a slit lamp (a device used by a doctor to examine the eye with magnification—see Figure: :What Is a Slit Lamp?).A ... |
Data gained in cases of simple starvation and refeeding were different from those seen in anorexia nervosa and recovery from the disease.However, since most of these alterations were normalized after special feeding and recovery [141], the changes may also be regarded as consequences rather than causes of the disease.A... |
Any _Salmonella_ serotype can probably cause any of these clinical manifestations under appropriate conditions, but in practice the _S enterica_ serotypes are associated primarily with gastroenteritis.This may be due to the downregulation of innate toll-like receptor responses in the intestinal mucosa by the Vi antigen... |
In parallel, tetracyclines stimulate growth of disease-causing Candida fungus, Staphylococci and Clostridia in the digestive tract.First, it makes the gut wall anatomically vulnerable to invasion by pathogenic microbes; second, it alerts the immune system to attack these changed proteins, starting an auto-immune reacti... |
PIC enhanced S1PR1 expression in CLL cells and their migratory response toward S1P [33].Activated CLL cells displayed reduced expression of S1PR1 and the migratory response toward S1P.The exit of normal lymphocytes from lymphoid tissues depends on the presence of sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) and the expression of S1P ... |
The upper extremity, or arm, has two compartments containing primarily the deltoid and biceps brachii muscles anteriorly and the triceps muscle posteriorly.Early débridement leads to loss of muscle that probably would have survived.There are areas of ischemia of the muscle that are allowed to demarcate with superficial... |
During this process, the ovaries cease to produce eggs, and, more important, the production of the two sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, declines to a very low level.##### A Woman's Aging Body
Menopause generally takes place between ages 35 and 55.Consult with your pharmacist or physician to explore whether any... |
On three separate visits, your doctor should measure your blood pressure while you are relaxed and not talking, at least twice on each visit and at least once on both arms.DO YOU HAVE HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE?In order to get a complete picture, your doctor will have to do specific tests and will have to see you regularly.On... |
In people at risk for familial pancreatic cancer, routine endoscopy can be used to monitor changes in pancreatic tissue.Because COX-2 plays a role in inflammation and mediates tumour growth and development, it is a valuable target for the development of drugs used in the prevention and treatment of several cancers, inc... |
The signal is the same as in the spleen.There is a 15 mm sized lesion (arrow) in the tail of the pancreas that has higher signal than the pancreas.(a) T2W haste.12.3
Accessory spleen within the pancreatic tail.This indicates that this mass too is an accessory spleen
Fig.(e) Same as (d) reveals RES uptake in the other... |
Huge, heavily loaded commercial barges, with very limited ability to manoeuvre, were bearing down on us.This canal is a major shipping route and it was extremely busy.I vividly remember the time I was sailing a small yacht up the Ijmuiden canal to Amsterdam and debris became entangled around our propeller, rendering th... |
15.10 and discussion that follows).It is important to note that Purkinje cell axons arising from the cerebellar cortex of the vermis, paravermal zone, or the hemispheric zone overlying the deep cerebellar nuclei project to the corresponding deep cerebellar nucleus (see Fig.** The Purkinje cell axons always form _inhibi... |
water purification, emergency, methods of purifying unclean water for drinking purposes in emergencies.The contamination may result in unsafe and/or unsanitary water supplies.water pollution, the contamination of lakes, rivers, and streams by industrial or community sources of substances.See cottonmouth.water moccasin,... |
The immune system reaction to oral microflora that are deleterious to wound healing coupled with compromised osseous integrity and the lack of osteoclastic remodeling may be particularly devastating for the development of clinical ONJ.A multi‐step trajectory to clinical ONJ likely includes (i) underlying osseous compro... |
As a result, more water is _reabsorbed_ by these tubules and returned to the blood, decreasing blood osmolarity by making it more dilute.ADH acts directly on kidney tubules and collecting ducts, making them more permeable to water.28-year-old female cousin who has type 1 diabetes mellitus
C. 72-year-old grandmother wh... |
A weak or uncoordinated tongue can result in early entry of a liquid or food bolus into the pharynx and an open airway.In addition, there must be adequate sensation to detect the bolus as it moves through the mouth and pharynx to assist with triggering the swallowing and maintaining airway protection.The airway status ... |
UCSF developed a 3-D convolutional neural network for chest CT in more than 1,600 patients, of whom 320 had confirmed lung cancer.Multiple reports from academic medical centers have shown the power of deep learning to sort through a variety of scans, including CT scans for liver and lung nodules and bone age, adding to... |
If rectal preparations are not available, many oral formulations can be given rectally if the patient is unable to take medications by mouth.Analgesics that are available as rectal suppositories include hydromorphone, oxymorphone, morphine and paracetamol.Although morphine is commonly administered to patients with canc... |
spinales) or from the trunci plexus brachialis in the regio cervicalis lateralis.anteriores of the nn.The supraclavicular branches of the plexus brachialis arise directly from the radices plexus brachialis (rr.28.12_ Supraclavicular branches**
Right shoulder.### **Pars Supraclavicularis & Fasciculus Posterior**
**_F... |
###### Ethnicity
There is a racial predilection, being 10 times more common in white than in black children.###### Sex
There is no sex predilection; although male preponderance was much higher (male : female 12 : 1) in children with multiple skin lesions [4].Lesions may occur at birth and very rarely in adults [3].Cl... |
* Topical application of THC was found to decrease allergic inflammation in a model of contact dermatitis (eczema).* Synthetic topical cannabinoids relieved pain experienced by patients suffering with post-herpetic neuralgia.* Five major phytocannabinoids showed potent activity against MRSA.* Topical extracts were show... |
■ Continued frequency of home visits depends on patient condition, degree of independence with infusion care, and ongoing needs.This may involve two visits per day to coincide with initiating and discontinuing the infusion.The most commonly administered 118isotonic fluids include 0.9% sodium chloride and 5% dextrose in... |
**The Answer is** **1 and 2**
The nurse is taking care of an elderly client with left-sided heart failure.11.The child should not be totally immobile because it can lead to post-op respiratory complications.4.Repositioning is a comfort intervention.CORRECT: Elevating the extremity and applying an ice pack will help to... |
In contrast with these 2 studies, the investigators of the CARE-2 study were unable to confirm that sevelamer and calcium-acetate phosphate binders affect CAC progression differently and showed an approximate 30 % progression at the end of 1 year for both treatment arms [64].However, the changes in calcium score severi... |
**C AUTION:** In recent years, _Castanea dentata_ has been extensively damaged by an imported blight.**Clinically:** Extracts used for bleeding hemorrhoids, varicose veins, arteriosclerosis.**Folk medicine:** It is valued and used for arthritis, rheumatism, female bleeding, hemorrhoids, and chronic inflammation of the ... |
It can be hypothesized that the control of body weight and composition depends on an axis with interrelated, and possibly self-controlled, components of food intake, metabolic rate, body fat stores and physical activity.2015).Key pathways of fetal programming include those mediated through glucocorticoids, with their v... |
Since this process was not affected by inhibitors of ABC transporters (Cyclosporin A, MK571, PSC-833, GF120918, Ko143), the authors concluded that hesperetin could move transcellularly by passive diffusion.145 However, this conclusion should be supported by the experimental demonstration that influx transporters were i... |
The presence of APA interferes with hemostatic mechanisms and can interfere with anticoagulants.• Newer oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, apixaban, and rivaroxaban) may be alternatives to warfarin with few drug interactions and no need for monitoring.• Danaparoid, fondaparinux, and argatroban can be considered in APS pa... |
The nailbed is on the right and the bone of P3 on left of photomicrograph.**Figure 4.27** (A) Normal nailbed.Invasion and destruction of the phalangeal bones is common (Figure 4.27A–C).The subepithelial cells are as described previously for malignant melanoma but in most cases the neoplastic cells have an epithelioid m... |
The NBT dye test is negative in the X-linked type of CGD (NBT dye is _not_ converted to a blue dye), because the NADPH oxidase enzyme complex is dysfunctional.In this test, leukocytes in a test tube are incubated with the NBT dye, which turns blue if superoxide FRs are present, indicating that the respiratory (oxidativ... |
Fulminant hepatitis due to hepatitis C is very rare in the United States.The infection is usually asymptomatic or mild and anicteric in 75%, but it results in a chronic carrier state in up to 85% of adult patients.Several extrinsic factors, such as alcohol abuse and smoking, are related to progression of chronic hepati... |
These can occur because of peristaltic motion, but can be limited if spasmolytic drugs are given.The HASTE sequence can be sensitive to intraluminal flow-void artifacts.Normal bowel wall has low signal intensity on HASTE sequences, an increased signal intensity can be seen in edematous lesions (inflammation).In a study... |
In my clinic, the most common reason I recommend CoQ10 to my patients is if they are taking a statin medication for heart disease or cholesterol indications, since taking a statin decreases normal CoQ10 production.Some items—like Prevagen (see box "The Problem with Prevagen")—are aggressively marketed for brain health,... |
Abalone is difficult to digest and does not feature in any of our remedies.The last, however, is not commonly found outside China.Other popular fish are eel, clams, crab, and abalone.Shrimp are among the most prized fish, however, so accorded for their strong Yang energy.The most commonly eaten fish in China is carp; t... |
anencephalus /an′ən·sef′ə·ləs/ ,a fetus whose embryonic development proceeds with the lethal defect of an absence of a major portion of the brain and skull.anemo-,a prefix meaning "airflow" or "wind": anemophobia.Also called pale infarct, white infarct.anemic infarct,tissue necrosis from arterial occlusion.Depending on... |
##### Management.Fractures of the posterior alveolar process may involve the floor of the maxillary sinus and result in abnormal thickening of the sinus mucosa or the accumulation of blood and sinus secretions, in which case an air-fluid level may be appreciated.If the fracture plane is truly associated with the tooth,... |
#### Single- Versus Dual-Chamber Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators
Presently, expert consensus does not provide guidelines for the selection of single- versus dual-chamber ICDs.sedentary lifestyle) and in those in whom technical issues such as limitations in vascular access preclude or increase the risk associat... |
As the bacteria increase in numbers, the level of the autoinducer peptide increases, stimulating toxin production.S. aureus coordinately regulates virulence factors by secreting autoinducer peptides.This may allow bacteria growing in discrete host sites, such as an abscess or consolidated pneumonia, to overcome host de... |
The success of this treatment holds promise for the use of the active stem cells residing in the neurogenic niches.Three months post retransplantation of this cell suspension into the patient, they could observe a significant increase in dopamine uptake within the transplanted putamen and an improved motor function up ... |
refractive error /rifrak″tiv/ , a defect in the ability of the lens of the eye to focus an image accurately, as occurs in nearsightedness and farsightedness.refraction of eye [L, refringere, to break apart; AS, eage] , the deflection of light from a straight path through the eye by various ocular tissues, including the... |
The test usually involves the use of a vaginally inserted probe so that the uterus can be examined from within the bowl of the pelvis.The pelvic ultrasound scan is a non-invasive examination that can provide very useful information.Imaging tests and biopsy
Because the uterus and ovaries are deep organs, imaging tests ... |
Many people find that the ancient arts of acupuncture and acupressure or the application of hot and cold compresses can relieve pain, as does exercise—which not only helps maintain strength and flexibility, but actually changes muscle cells, making them less sensitive to pain.Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation... |
Next, the transducer must be rotated in this position to identify the smallest transverse diameter (typically the luminal profile will change from elliptical to circular), thus avoiding an oblique cross-sectional scan plane through the aorta, which would lead to an overestimation of the diameter.A6.32
a–c Aortic aneur... |
A schematic summary outlining the progression in development of the cell heterogeneity within neural tissue and highlights the reaction of parenchymal astrocytes to injury with focus on the molecular characteristics they share with radial glial cells and adult neural stem cells (NSCs), but absent in mature astrocytes i... |
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Multilingual Medicine: Model, Dataset, Benchmark, Code
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- [2024.03.07] Paper released.
- [2024.02.12] ApolloCorpus and XMedBench is published！🎉
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- json_name: {data_source}_{language}_{data_type}.json
- data_type: medicalBook, medicalGuideline, medicalPaper, medicalWeb(from online forum), medicalWiki
- language: en(English), zh(chinese), es(spanish), fr(french), hi(Hindi)
- data_type: qa(generated qa from text)
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- data_type==text: list of string
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Citation
@misc{wang2024apollo,
title={Apollo: Lightweight Multilingual Medical LLMs towards Democratizing Medical AI to 6B People},
author={Xidong Wang and Nuo Chen and Junyin Chen and Yan Hu and Yidong Wang and Xiangbo Wu and Anningzhe Gao and Xiang Wan and Haizhou Li and Benyou Wang},
year={2024},
eprint={2403.03640},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
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